Trajan
Trajan, born Marcus Ulpius Traianus on September 18, 53 AD, and died on August 9, 117 AD, was the Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD. He was the second of the Five Good Emperors, known for their effective and benevolent rule. Here's a detailed look into his life and reign:
Early Life
- Trajan was born in Italica, a Roman city in modern-day Spain. His family was of Ulpia Gens, an Italic stock.
- He was the first Roman Emperor born outside of Italy.
- His father, Marcus Ulpius Traianus, was a prominent senator and served as a consul and governor of Syria.
Rise to Power
- Trajan's military career began early, serving under his father in the East, and he later became a legatus of several legions.
- He was adopted by Nerva in 97 AD, who had no biological heir, making Trajan his successor.
- Upon Nerva's death in January 98 AD, Trajan became Emperor.
Reign
- Domestic Policy: Trajan was known for his public works, including the construction of the Trajan's Forum, the Trajan's Market, and the Trajan's Column, which commemorates his Dacian Wars.
- Expansion: His reign is often remembered for the expansion of the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent. He annexed Dacia after two major campaigns (101-102 and 105-106 AD), which provided Rome with substantial gold and silver mines.
- Eastern Campaigns: Trajan also conducted campaigns in the East, annexing Armenia, Parthia, and parts of Mesopotamia, though these territories were not permanently held after his death.
- Social Reforms: He was known for his concern for the welfare of his subjects, implementing measures to help the poor, providing public entertainment, and improving the infrastructure of Rome.
Death and Legacy
- Trajan died of illness in Selinus, Cilicia, in August 117 AD, while preparing for another campaign.
- His death marked the end of the era of imperial expansion. His successor, Hadrian, reversed many of Trajan's expansionist policies, focusing on consolidating the empire's borders.
- Trajan is often celebrated as an ideal emperor; the Senate even declared him to be divus (divine) after his death, and his name was used as a byword for good rule.
Sources
Related Topics