Hadrian, born Publius Aelius Hadrianus on January 24, 76 AD, was the Roman Emperor from 117 to 138 AD. His reign is often remembered for the construction of Hadrian's Wall and for his significant contributions to architecture, culture, and philosophy within the Roman Empire.
Hadrian was born in Italica, a Roman town in Hispania (modern-day Spain), which made him the first emperor born outside of Italy. He was a cousin of his predecessor, Trajan, and was adopted by Trajan, thus becoming his heir. His adoption was formalized by Trajan's will, although there were some initial uncertainties regarding his succession.
Hadrian received a broad education, which included literature, music, art, and philosophy, reflecting his later interests as emperor. His military career began early; he served in various campaigns under Trajan, gaining experience and reputation which would be crucial for his rule.
Upon Trajan's death in 117 AD, Hadrian quickly secured his position by dealing with potential rivals. His reign was characterized by:
Hadrian was one of the most well-traveled emperors, spending more than half of his reign outside of Italy, visiting provinces and military camps to inspect and fortify defenses. His travels were not just for military purposes but also allowed him to engage with local cultures, which influenced his architectural projects.
Hadrian's reign left a lasting legacy:
Hadrian died on July 10, 138 AD, in Baiae. He was succeeded by Antoninus Pius, whom he had adopted as part of his strategy to ensure a peaceful succession.