Kidney Failure
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or chronic kidney disease stage 5, is a medical condition in which the kidneys no longer function well enough to meet the needs of daily life. This condition is critical because kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, regulating blood pressure, and maintaining fluid balance among other functions.
Causes
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): The most common cause where kidney function gradually declines over time due to conditions like diabetes or hypertension.
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Sudden failure often due to severe infection, shock, or exposure to toxins.
- Genetic Conditions: Like Polycystic Kidney Disease or glomerulonephritis.
- Obstruction: Kidney stones, tumors, or an enlarged prostate can block urine flow, leading to kidney damage.
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms can vary, but common ones include:
- Decreased urine output
- Swelling in legs, ankles, or feet
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Confusion
- Chest pain or pressure
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves:
- Blood tests to measure levels of waste products like creatinine and urea.
- Urine tests to check for protein or abnormalities.
- Imaging tests like ultrasounds or CT scans to visualize the kidneys.
- Kidney biopsy might be performed for definitive diagnosis.
Treatment
Treatment options for kidney failure include:
- Dialysis: Either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis to replace kidney functions.
- Kidney Transplant: If a suitable donor is available, this can be a more permanent solution.
- Medications: To manage complications like high blood pressure or anemia.
- Dietary Changes: To reduce the load on the kidneys.
History and Context
The understanding of kidney failure has evolved significantly:
- In the late 19th century, the first descriptions of uremia (the condition resulting from kidney failure) were documented.
- The first successful kidney transplant was performed in 1954 by Dr. Joseph Murray, earning him a Nobel Prize in 1990.
- Hemodialysis became a viable treatment option in the 1940s, with the development of the artificial kidney by Dr. Willem Kolff.
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