The French Constitution of 1791, also known as the Constitution of the French Revolution, was the first written constitution in France, marking the transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. Here are some key points:
Background:
- The constitution was a product of the Estates-General of 1789, which evolved into the National Assembly after the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly on June 17, 1789.
- It was influenced by Enlightenment ideas, particularly those of Montesquieu, who advocated for the separation of powers.
Key Features:
- Separation of Powers: The constitution established a clear separation between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
- Legislative Power: This was vested in a unicameral Legislative Assembly, elected indirectly by active citizens (those who paid a certain amount in taxes).
- Executive Power: This remained with the King, who was now a constitutional monarch with limited powers. He could veto legislation, but this veto was suspensive, not absolute.
- Judicial Power: Judges were to be independent, appointed by the king with the approval of the Senate.
- Civil Rights: The constitution included the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen which outlined fundamental human rights, freedom of speech, and equality before the law.
- Citizenship: Active citizenship was restricted to males over 25 who paid a minimum amount of taxes. This effectively disenfranchised a large portion of the population.
- Religious Freedom: The constitution established Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which made the clergy employees of the state, although this was controversial and led to further unrest.
Impact and Legacy:
- The French Constitution of 1791 was short-lived, lasting only until September 1792 when the French Monarchy was abolished, and the First French Republic was established.
- Despite its brief tenure, it served as a significant step towards democracy and influenced later constitutional developments both in France and abroad.
- It did not resolve deep social and economic issues, which led to continued revolutionary activity and the eventual rise of more radical factions.
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