The Zhou Dynasty was a pivotal period in Chinese history that lasted from approximately 1046 BC to 256 BC, traditionally divided into two periods: the Western Zhou (1046–771 BC) and the Eastern Zhou (770–256 BC). Here are some key aspects of the Zhou Dynasty:
Foundation and Early Rule
The Zhou Dynasty was founded by King Wu of Zhou, who overthrew the last ruler of the Shang Dynasty. This overthrow was justified by the concept of the Mandate of Heaven, which suggested that rulers were given the right to rule by heaven, contingent on their moral fitness. The Zhou established their capital in Fenghao near modern-day Xi'an.
Western Zhou
- Feudalism: The Zhou introduced a feudal system where land was divided among loyal nobles, creating a network of vassal states that were expected to provide military support to the king.
- Cultural and Technological Advancements: This period saw the spread of bronze technology, the creation of the first known Chinese historical records, and the development of Zhou li, the rites and ceremonies of the Zhou court.
Eastern Zhou
The Eastern Zhou period is further divided into:
- Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 BC): Marked by the decline in royal power and the rise of regional states. This era is named after Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the state of Lu.
- Warring States Period (475–221 BC): Characterized by intense warfare among the seven major states, leading to significant political and military reforms. This period saw the rise of Legalism, Confucianism, and Daoism as intellectual movements.
Major Contributions
- Philosophy and Literature: This period is crucial for the development of Chinese philosophy. Figures like Confucius, Laozi, and Mozi lived during this time, influencing Chinese thought for centuries.
- Iron Age: The use of iron for tools and weapons became widespread, leading to agricultural improvements and military advancements.
- Art and Culture: The Zhou Dynasty is renowned for its bronze vessels, which were not only functional but also served as symbols of power and ritual objects.
Decline
The Zhou Dynasty eventually weakened due to internal strife and the inability to control the increasingly powerful regional states. The last significant event was the defeat of the Zhou by the Qin State in 256 BC, marking the end of the dynasty and the beginning of the Warring States Period's conclusion with the unification of China by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC.
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