Zapotec
The Zapotec civilization is one of the oldest and most significant pre-Columbian cultures in Mesoamerica, primarily located in what is now the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Here's a detailed overview:
History and Timeline
- Pre-Classic Period (1500 BCE - 250 CE): The earliest evidence of Zapotec civilization dates back to around 1500 BCE with the establishment of San Jose Mogote. This period saw the rise of Monte Albán, which became the center of Zapotec power.
- Classic Period (250 CE - 800 CE): Monte Albán reached its peak, becoming one of the largest and most sophisticated cities in Mesoamerica. The Zapotec developed writing, a calendar system, and impressive architecture including temples, palaces, and ball courts.
- Post-Classic Period (800 CE - 1521 CE): After the decline of Monte Albán, power shifted to other cities like Mitla and Zaachila. The Zapotec faced invasions from the Mixtec but maintained significant influence in the region.
Culture and Society
- Religion: The Zapotec practiced a complex polytheistic religion with a pantheon of gods related to nature, agriculture, and war. Their religious practices included sacrifices, both human and animal, and they built elaborate temples.
- Art and Architecture: Known for their unique architectural style, the Zapotec constructed pyramid-temples, tombs, and palaces with intricate stone carvings. Their art also included pottery, with motifs reflecting religious themes and daily life.
- Language: The Zapotec language, part of the Oto-Manguean languages, has several dialects still spoken today.
- Writing System: They developed one of the earliest writing systems in the Americas, which used hieroglyphs to record historical events, religious practices, and political matters.
Legacy
Despite the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, Zapotec culture has persisted. Modern-day Zapotec descendants continue to maintain many of their traditions, including traditional weaving, festivals, and the use of their indigenous language.
Notable Sites
- Monte Albán: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, showcasing the grandeur of Zapotec architecture.
- Mitla: Known for its intricate mosaic fretwork and underground tombs.
- Yagul: Another important site with pre-Hispanic ruins.
External Links
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