Uaxactún
Uaxactún is an ancient Maya civilization archaeological site located in the Petén Basin region of Guatemala, about 23 kilometers north of Tikal. Uaxactún, which means "eight stone" in the Yucatec Maya language, was one of the earliest known Maya settlements in the region, with its origins dating back to the Preclassic Period (ca. 800 BCE - 250 CE).
History
- Early Development: Uaxactún was among the first Maya cities to rise, with its first significant constructions dating to around 600 BCE. The site features some of the earliest known Maya pyramids, which indicates early ceremonial activity.
- Classic Period: During the Classic Period (ca. 250 CE - 900 CE), Uaxactún flourished. It became an important political and religious center, showing extensive architectural development. The city had a complex layout with multiple plazas, temples, and elite residences.
- Stelae: Uaxactún is particularly famous for its stelae, which are carved stone slabs erected to commemorate significant events like the accession of rulers or historical dates. Stela 5 at Uaxactún is one of the oldest known stelae in the Maya region, dating back to 328 CE.
- Decline: Like many Maya cities, Uaxactún experienced a decline around the end of the Classic Period, though it continued to be occupied in a reduced capacity into the Postclassic Period.
Archaeology
The archaeological work at Uaxactún was first conducted by Sylvanus G. Morley in the 1920s, followed by more extensive explorations by Oliver G. Ricketson and Edith Ricketson in the 1930s. Their findings helped in understanding the chronology of Maya civilization:
- Architectural Features: Uaxactún's structures include stepped pyramids, ball courts, and a unique observatory known as E-VII-sub, which has been interpreted as an early form of astronomical observatory.
- Art and Inscriptions: The site contains numerous carvings, pottery, and inscriptions that provide insights into Maya art, religion, and writing.
- Ceramics: The ceramic sequence developed from Uaxactún has been crucial in establishing the relative dating of Maya sites across the region.
Significance
Uaxactún's significance lies not only in its early development but also in the continuity of its occupation and the wealth of inscriptions that help piece together Maya history:
- Urban Planning: The city's layout shows early urban planning with radial pyramids, plazas, and causeways.
- Trade: Evidence suggests Uaxactún was involved in extensive trade networks, possibly reaching as far as Teotihuacan.
- Astronomy: The presence of structures like E-VII-sub indicates the Maya's advanced understanding of astronomy and its integration into their religious practices.
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