Stannary-Law
Stannary-Law refers to the body of laws and privileges granted to the tin miners and communities in Cornwall and Devon, England. These laws were established to regulate the mining of tin, which was a significant economic activity in these regions from the medieval period through to the 19th century.
Historical Background
The origins of Stannary-Law can be traced back to the 12th century when tin mining in Cornwall and Devon was becoming increasingly important to the English economy. The first recorded Charter of Liberties was granted by King John in 1198, which formalized the rights of the Tin-Miners:
- Immunity from Certain Taxes: Miners were exempt from various taxes and tolls.
- Right to Self-Government: They could elect their own officials and manage their affairs independently, to some extent.
- Control Over Tin Production: They had the authority to set tin standards and regulate the market.
Key Components of Stannary Law
- Stannary Courts: These were special courts established for disputes involving tin mining. They had jurisdiction over mining-related matters, including contracts, property, and disputes between miners. The courts operated under their own legal system, separate from common law.
- Stannary Parliament: A legislative body where representatives from the mining districts could discuss and legislate on matters concerning tin production and trade. This parliament was convened by the Duke of Cornwall, who had a vested interest in the tin industry due to his feudal rights over the Duchy of Cornwall.
- Stannary Coinage: A system where tin was weighed, assayed, and stamped with a mark of quality before sale. This ensured quality control and facilitated trade.
Development and Decline
Over the centuries, the Stannary-Law evolved:
- In the 14th century, Edward I granted further privileges, reinforcing the independence of the Stannaries.
- The 16th and 17th centuries saw the Stannary Courts' powers being curtailed by the central English government, although they retained some autonomy.
- The decline of the tin industry in the 19th century, coupled with economic changes, led to the gradual erosion of the Stannary privileges.
- The Stannary Court Abolition Act 1896 formally ended the legal system, though some ceremonial aspects persisted.
Legacy
Despite its formal abolition, the legacy of Stannary-Law persists in local culture and historical memory:
- There are still ceremonial events like the Stannary Parliament gatherings.
- The laws are studied for their historical significance in understanding medieval and early modern governance and economic rights.
References
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