Sixth Coalition
The Sixth Coalition was a coalition of European powers during the Napoleonic Wars formed in 1813 with the aim to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte and restore the balance of power in Europe. This coalition was formed following Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, which significantly weakened his empire.
Formation
After the retreat from Russia, several European nations saw an opportunity to end Napoleon's dominance:
- Prussia defected from the French Empire in February 1813, joining forces with Russia.
- Austria joined the coalition in August 1813 after Napoleon's refusal to accept peace terms that would have been favorable to the allies.
- Sweden entered the conflict in 1813, motivated by the promise of gaining Norway as compensation for its participation.
- United Kingdom continued its longstanding opposition to Napoleon, providing financial and logistical support.
- Smaller states like Saxony and Bavaria also joined later in 1813.
Major Battles and Events
- Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations): In October 1813, the largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars occurred, where the coalition forces decisively defeated Napoleon's army, leading to his retreat to France.
- Campaign in Germany: Following the Battle of Leipzig, the coalition forces pursued Napoleon back into France, engaging in several key battles.
- Treaty of Kalisch: Signed on February 28, 1813, between Russia and Prussia, this treaty officially formed the basis of the Sixth Coalition.
Outcome
The Sixth Coalition ultimately led to Napoleon's abdication in April 1814. The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed, exiling Napoleon to Elba. This event marked the end of the Wars of the Sixth Coalition and paved the way for the Congress of Vienna, which reorganized Europe.
Significance
The success of the Sixth Coalition had profound effects:
- It ended the dominance of Napoleon in Europe, ushering in a period of relative peace known as the Concert of Europe.
- It facilitated the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France with Louis XVIII ascending to the throne.
- The coalition's victory also influenced the redrawing of European borders and the establishment of new political entities at the Congress of Vienna.
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