The Sangha refers to the community of Buddhist monks and nuns, or more broadly, the assembly of all followers of Buddhism. Here are key aspects of the Sangha:
Historical Context
- The Sangha was established by Gautama Buddha himself as one of the "Three Jewels" or "Three Treasures" of Buddhism, alongside the Buddha and the Dharma (the teachings).
- After achieving enlightenment, Buddha began teaching others, and those who chose to follow his path became the first members of the Sangha.
- The formation of the Sangha marked the beginning of the monastic order in Buddhism, which has been pivotal in the preservation and propagation of Buddhist teachings.
Structure and Roles
- Monastic Sangha: This includes ordained monks (Bhikkhus) and nuns (Bhikkhunis). They live according to the Vinaya, a set of rules for monastic life, which emphasizes renunciation, ethical conduct, and meditation.
- Lay Sangha: While the monastic community forms the core of the Sangha, lay followers are also considered part of the broader Sangha, participating in communal religious activities and supporting the monastic community.
- The Sangha serves multiple roles:
- As a community of practitioners, they study, practice, and teach the Dharma.
- They act as a refuge for lay followers seeking spiritual guidance.
- Monastics often engage in charitable activities and community service, reflecting the compassionate aspect of Buddhism.
Importance in Buddhism
- The Sangha provides a living example of the Buddhist path, embodying the ideals of Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path.
- It serves as a support system for both personal spiritual development and the collective practice of Buddhism.
- Monastic ordination within the Sangha is seen as a way to achieve liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara).
Development Over Time
- Over centuries, various schools of Buddhism like Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana developed their own interpretations and practices within the Sangha.
- Changes in monastic codes, ordination procedures, and the role of women in the Sangha have varied significantly across different Buddhist traditions and cultures.
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