Sample_Analysis_at_Mars
The Sample_Analysis_at_Mars (SAM) is an instrumental suite aboard the Curiosity Rover, which landed on Mars in August 2012. SAM is designed to study the chemistry, mineralogy, and isotopic composition of Martian soil and rocks to search for signs of past or present life, understand the climate, and assess the geological history of Mars.
Components and Functionality
- Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS) - This device identifies gases by their molecular weights, allowing for detailed analysis of the Martian atmosphere and gases released from samples when heated.
- Gas Chromatograph (GC) - Separates gases and volatiles from Martian samples, providing insights into the composition of organic compounds.
- Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) - Measures isotopic ratios of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in gases, which can help in understanding the water cycle, atmospheric processes, and potential biosignatures.
- Sample Manipulation System (SMS) - Includes a carousel with 74 sample cups for holding Martian soil or rock powder, which can be heated to release gases for analysis.
Objectives
The primary objectives of the Sample_Analysis_at_Mars include:
- Investigating the habitability of Mars by searching for organic compounds that could be signs of life.
- Understanding the carbon cycle on Mars, including sources and sinks of carbon dioxide.
- Examining the Martian atmosphere's composition and isotopic ratios to infer past climate conditions.
- Providing data on the geochemical environment to assess the planet's geological history.
Key Discoveries
SAM has made several significant discoveries since its operation began:
- In 2013, SAM detected chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Martian soil, which could be due to indigenous organic compounds or contamination from Earth.
- In 2014, methane was detected in the Martian atmosphere, with its concentration fluctuating over time, suggesting a dynamic process or potential biological activity.
- Analysis of isotopic ratios in water vapor in 2015 indicated that Mars once had a thicker atmosphere and possibly a wetter climate.
Context and History
The concept of Sample_Analysis_at_Mars was part of NASA's broader initiative to explore Mars for signs of life and to understand the planet's past habitability. SAM's development involved collaboration between NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, the Honeybee Robotics company, and other institutions. The suite was specifically designed to handle the harsh conditions of Mars, including low temperatures and the need for precision in handling and analyzing samples.
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