Philip II of Spain, born on May 21, 1527, in Valladolid, was one of the most powerful monarchs in European history, reigning from 1556 until his death in 1598. He was the only legitimate son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal. His reign saw Spain reach the zenith of its influence and power, but also faced numerous challenges that would later contribute to its decline.
Philip was educated in the Spanish courts, receiving a broad education that included languages, religion, and the arts of war and governance. His father, Charles V, prepared him for the complexities of ruling a vast empire, which included not only Spain but also extensive territories in the Holy Roman Empire, the Spanish Netherlands, and vast colonial possessions in the Americas.
Philip was known for his meticulous attention to detail, centralizing power in Spain. His government was highly bureaucratic, leading to the phrase "The sun never sets on the Spanish Empire" due to his vast territorial holdings.
Philip II died on September 13, 1598, in El Escorial. He was succeeded by his son, Philip III, who inherited a realm in decline, financially strained and beset by internal and external conflicts.