Phidias
Phidias (c. 480–430 BC) was one of the most celebrated sculptors of ancient Greece, renowned for his contributions to the Art of Ancient Greece. His work epitomized the ideals of the Classical Greek Art period, which emphasized harmony, balance, and the human form.
Early Life and Career
Phidias was born in Athens, where he trained under the influence of the Older Masters like Ageladas. He quickly gained recognition for his talent in sculpting and design, becoming a prominent figure in the artistic renaissance that Athens experienced during the 5th century BC.
Major Works
- The Statue of Zeus at Olympia: Commissioned by the Eleans and erected in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, this colossal chryselephantine statue was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The statue depicted Zeus seated on a throne, crafted from gold, ivory, and other precious materials.
- The Athena Parthenos: Created for the Parthenon, this was another chryselephantine statue, portraying Athena, the patron goddess of Athens, with her shield, spear, and the figure of Nike, the goddess of victory, in her hand. This work was known for its intricate details and the colossal scale, standing over 11 meters tall.
- Friezes and Metopes of the Parthenon: Phidias was responsible for the overall design and execution of the sculptural decorations on the Parthenon, including the famous frieze depicting the Panathenaic Procession and the metopes showing battles between gods and giants, Greeks and Amazons, among others.
Artistic Style and Influence
Phidias' work was characterized by:
- Attention to anatomical detail.
- Refined proportions and balance.
- Use of chryselephantine technique, combining gold and ivory.
- Incorporation of religious and mythological themes.
His influence extended beyond sculpture; he was instrumental in the design of the
Acropolis and its buildings, contributing to the overall aesthetic of what would become an enduring symbol of Greek culture.
Controversies and Downfall
Phidias' career was not without controversy. He was accused of embezzlement of gold intended for the Athena Parthenos statue and of including his own likeness in the shield of Athena, which was seen as impious. Although acquitted, these charges led to his eventual exile or imprisonment, and he died in disgrace.
Legacy
Despite his fall from grace, Phidias left an indelible mark on Western art. His works set a standard for Greek sculpture that influenced generations of artists. The Elgin Marbles, fragments from the Parthenon, now housed in the British Museum, are a testament to his enduring legacy, although their removal from Greece remains a contentious issue.
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