Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA), also known as degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of arthritis. It primarily affects the articular cartilage, the smooth, slippery covering on the ends of bones that allows for easy movement within joints. Over time, this cartilage wears away, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and reduced mobility in the affected joint.
History
The earliest descriptions of joint diseases resembling osteoarthritis can be traced back to ancient civilizations. However, the term "osteoarthritis" was first used in the 19th century. Sir Alfred Baring Garrod, a British physician, is credited with coining the term in 1859, distinguishing it from rheumatoid arthritis.
Causes and Risk Factors
- Age: The risk of developing Osteoarthritis increases with age. Cartilage naturally wears over time.
- Obesity: Excess body weight puts additional stress on weight-bearing joints, like the knee and hip.
- Injury: Joint injuries can initiate the process of cartilage degeneration.
- Genetics: There is a genetic component to the disease, with some people having a family history of Osteoarthritis.
- Occupational and Activity Factors: Jobs or activities that involve repetitive stress on particular joints can contribute to OA.
Symptoms
- Pain: Often described as an ache, particularly with movement or after prolonged activity.
- Stiffness: Especially after periods of inactivity, like morning stiffness.
- Swelling: Around the joint due to inflammation.
- Reduced Mobility: Difficulty moving the joint through its full range of motion.
- Crepitus: A grating or crackling sound/feeling when moving the joint.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Clinical Examination: A doctor will check for joint tenderness, swelling, and range of motion.
- Imaging: X-rays are commonly used to visualize joint space narrowing, bone spurs, and cartilage loss. MRI can provide detailed images of cartilage, ligaments, and other soft tissues.
- Lab Tests: To rule out other forms of arthritis like rheumatoid arthritis or gout.
Treatment
There is no cure for Osteoarthritis, but treatments aim to manage symptoms:
- Medications: Pain relievers like acetaminophen, NSAIDs, or corticosteroids for inflammation.
- Physical Therapy: To improve strength, flexibility, and reduce pain.
- Weight Management: Reducing body weight to lessen joint stress.
- Surgery: In severe cases, joint replacement or repair might be considered.
- Alternative Therapies: Acupuncture, massage, or dietary supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin.
Prevention
While not all cases of Osteoarthritis can be prevented, certain lifestyle choices can reduce risk:
- Maintaining a healthy weight.
- Regular low-impact exercise like swimming or cycling.
- Protecting joints from injury.
Sources
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