National Diet
The National Diet of Japan, known in Japanese as 国会 (Kokkai), is Japan's bicameral legislature. It is comprised of two houses:
History
The National Diet was established under the Meiji Constitution in 1889, making Japan one of the first countries in Asia to have a parliamentary system. However, its powers were initially limited. After World War II, with the enactment of the Constitution of Japan in 1947, the Diet's role was significantly enhanced, granting it sovereignty over the legislative process.
Structure
- House of Representatives: This is the lower house, with members elected for a four-year term, although the Diet can be dissolved by the Prime Minister at any time. It has 465 seats, and its primary role is to initiate legislation, approve the budget, and elect the Prime Minister.
- House of Councillors: The upper house, elected for six-year terms, with half of its seats being contested every three years. It has 245 members. While it can delay or amend legislation, its powers are generally less than those of the House of Representatives.
Functions and Powers
The National Diet has several key functions:
- Legislation: It is the sole body with the power to enact laws, although bills can be introduced by both houses or the Cabinet.
- Budget Approval: The Diet must approve the national budget presented by the government.
- Treaty Ratification: It ratifies treaties with foreign countries.
- Appointment and Dismissal of the Prime Minister: The Diet elects the Prime Minister, and can also pass a no-confidence vote to dismiss the Cabinet.
Electoral System
The electoral system for both houses has evolved over time:
- House of Representatives: Uses a combination of first-past-the-post and proportional representation.
- House of Councillors: Uses a combination of single non-transferable vote (SNTV) and proportional representation.
Notable Facts
- Japan's Diet is one of the most powerful legislatures in the world, with the ability to influence government policy significantly.
- The Diet has a high level of public accessibility, with sessions being open to the public and live broadcasts available.
- It has a complex committee system that allows for detailed examination of legislation before it comes to the floor for a vote.
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