The Mixtec people, known as Mixteco in their native language, are an indigenous group primarily residing in the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Puebla. They are part of the larger Mesoamerican cultural and linguistic region.
History
- Pre-Columbian Era: The Mixtec civilization flourished during the Postclassic Period (AD 900-1521) in Mesoamerica. They developed a complex society known for its art, particularly in gold and turquoise work, and codices which recorded their history, genealogy, and astronomy.
- Encounter with the Spanish: Upon the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Mixtec were among the groups that resisted the Spanish Conquest. Despite their resistance, they were eventually subdued and incorporated into the Spanish colonial system.
- Colonial and Modern Times: During the colonial period, many Mixtec were forced into labor systems like Encomienda and Repartimiento. In modern times, while many have integrated into the broader Mexican society, they continue to maintain their cultural identity, language, and traditions.
Language and Culture
- Language: The Mixtec Language belongs to the Oto-Manguean language family. It's highly diverse with numerous dialects, making communication between different Mixtec communities sometimes challenging.
- Art: Known for their intricate metalwork, particularly in gold, the Mixtec also excelled in ceramic work, feather art, and codices, which are screen-fold books with pictorial writing.
- Religion: Pre-Columbian Mixtec religion was polytheistic with deities like Dzahui (the rain god) and Pitao Cozobi (the creator god). Today, many Mixtecs are Catholic, but elements of their traditional beliefs often blend with Christian practices.
- Festivals: Important festivals include the Day of the Dead, where families honor deceased relatives, and various saint's days where traditional dances and rituals are performed.
Economy
Historically, the Mixtec were adept farmers, with maize, beans, and squash being staples. Today, while agriculture remains important, many have migrated to urban areas or work in the service sector, both within Mexico and in the United States, where they often engage in seasonal farm labor.
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