A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control are included on a single integrated circuit (IC), or a small number of ICs. This is in contrast to earlier computers which used multiple discrete components for processing functions.
History
The history of microprocessors begins with the development of the first Integrated Circuit by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in 1958, followed by Robert Noyce's more practical version at Fairchild Semiconductor. However:
- In 1971, Intel introduced the Intel 4004, the first commercially available microprocessor, designed by Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stan Mazor. It was a 4-bit CPU designed for use in calculators and small computers.
- The Intel 8008 followed in 1972, an 8-bit processor that could address up to 16 KB of memory.
- In 1974, Intel released the Intel 8080, which became widely used in early personal computers due to its enhanced speed and capabilities over the 8008.
- By 1978, the MOS Technology 6502 and the Zilog Z80 were popular choices for home computers and gaming systems.
Architecture
The architecture of a microprocessor typically includes:
- Central Processing Unit (CPU): Comprising the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) for arithmetic and logical operations, and the Control Unit for directing operations.
- Registers: Small storage locations within the CPU for quick data access.
- Cache Memory: Fast memory for storing recently used instructions and data to speed up processing.
- Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): Defines the commands or instructions the microprocessor can execute.
Development Trends
Over the years, several trends in microprocessor development have emerged:
- Moore's Law: The number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, leading to increased performance and decreased costs.
- Multicore Processors: To continue performance improvements, manufacturers have shifted from increasing clock speeds to adding multiple processing cores on a single chip.
- Energy Efficiency: As power consumption becomes a significant issue, there's a push towards more energy-efficient designs.
- Specialization: Microprocessors are now often designed for specific applications, like mobile devices, servers, or embedded systems.
Applications
Microprocessors are at the heart of numerous applications:
Manufacturers and Notable Microprocessors
Key companies involved in microprocessor development include:
- Intel - Known for the Pentium, Core, and Xeon series.
- AMD - Famous for their Ryzen, Opteron, and Athlon processors.
- ARM - Their RISC-based designs are prevalent in mobile devices, with Cortex being a notable series.
- Apple - With their custom A-series chips for iPhones and iPads.
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