Mexican Independence
The Mexican Independence was a pivotal event in the history of Mexico, marking the end of Spanish rule over Mexico. Here are some key points:
Historical Context
- Spain had colonized Mexico in the 16th century, establishing the Viceroyalty of New Spain, which included much of North America and parts of the Caribbean.
- The enlightenment ideas from Europe, the influence of the American Revolution, and the French Revolution inspired Mexican intellectuals and elites to seek independence.
Beginnings of the Independence Movement
- The movement began on September 16, 1810, when Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a parish priest, issued the "Cry of Dolores" (Grito de Dolores) calling for the end of Spanish rule.
- Initial uprisings were led by Hidalgo, José María Morelos, and other revolutionaries, but they faced significant resistance from Spanish forces.
Key Figures
The Plan of Iguala and Treaty of Córdoba
- In 1821, Iturbide proposed the Plan of Iguala, which outlined the principles for Mexican independence, including Catholicism as the official religion, equality for all ethnic groups, and a constitutional monarchy.
- The Treaty of Córdoba was signed on August 24, 1821, between Iturbide and the last Spanish viceroy, Juan O'Donojú, recognizing Mexican independence.
Independence Achieved
- On September 27, 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, and shortly after, Spain officially recognized Mexico's independence.
- Agustín de Iturbide was declared Emperor Agustín I, but his reign was short-lived due to political instability.
Aftermath
- Following Iturbide's abdication in 1823, Mexico established a First Mexican Republic, marking the beginning of a long period of political turmoil and struggle to define the nation's political identity.
Sources
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