Medieval Scotland
Medieval Scotland refers to the period from the late 11th century to the late 15th century, during which the Kingdom of Scotland saw significant historical, political, and cultural developments. Here are some key aspects of this era:
Historical Overview
- The medieval period in Scotland began with the reign of Alexander I in 1107, following the rule of his brother, Edgar. This era is marked by the consolidation of the Scottish monarchy.
- The Wars of Independence with England from 1296 to 1357, led by figures like William Wallace and Robert the Bruce, were pivotal in shaping Scottish identity and sovereignty.
- The Stewart dynasty came to power in 1371 with Robert II, ushering in a period of relative stability and growth in governance.
Political Structure
- The Scottish Monarchy during this period was feudal in nature, with the king at the apex of a hierarchical system of lords and vassals.
- The Parliament of Scotland was established, evolving from meetings of the king with his nobles and clergy to a more formal legislative body.
- The system was further complicated by the presence of the Lordship of the Isles, which had considerable autonomy in the Western Isles.
Culture and Society
- Medieval Scotland was a land of diverse cultures due to its Gaelic, Norse, and Anglo-Norman influences. This period saw the development of the Scots language and the emergence of a distinct Scottish literature.
- Education was largely religious, with monasteries and cathedrals playing a key role. The establishment of University of St Andrews in 1413 marked a significant advancement in higher education.
- Clan System was prominent, especially in the Highlands, where kinship and loyalty to the clan chief were paramount.
Economy and Trade
- Agriculture was the backbone of the economy, with wool being a significant export. The Burghs of Scotland like Edinburgh and Aberdeen became centers of trade and commerce.
- Scotland engaged in trade with England, the Hanseatic League, and Flanders, exporting wool, hides, and fish, while importing luxury goods and wine.
Religion
Sources:
Related Topics: