Makuria, also known as the Kingdom of Makuria, was a medieval Kingdom of Nubia located in what is now Northern Sudan and Southern Egypt. Here is a detailed overview of this historical kingdom:
History
- Formation: Makuria emerged around the 4th century AD after the decline of the Meroitic Kingdom. It was one of the three Nubian kingdoms, alongside Alodia and Nobatia.
- Capital: The capital of Makuria was Dongola, which was strategically located along the Nile, facilitating trade and defense.
- Christianization: By the 6th century, Makuria converted to Christianity, influenced by missionaries from the Byzantine Empire. This led to the establishment of a Christian Nubian culture.
- Conflict with Egypt: Makuria had a complex relationship with the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt, with periods of peace, trade, and warfare. Notably, in 651, the Battle of Dongola resulted in a treaty that secured Makuria's independence from Muslim rule.
- Baqt Treaty: The Baqt was a unique treaty between Makuria and Egypt, involving an exchange of goods, prisoners, and military support, ensuring peace and stability between the two regions for several centuries.
- Decline: The kingdom began to decline in the 13th century due to internal strife, external pressures from the Mamluks of Egypt, and the rise of Islamic influence in Nubia. By the 14th century, Makuria was largely absorbed into the expanding Funj Sultanate.
Culture and Society
- Religion: Christianity was central to Makurian society, with the Nubian Church playing a significant role in both spiritual and political life.
- Art and Architecture: Makuria is known for its unique Nubian architecture, particularly the frescoes and wall paintings in churches. The architectural style included elements from both Egyptian and Byzantine influences.
- Language: The primary language was Old Nubian, written in an adapted form of the Coptic alphabet.
- Economy: Agriculture, trade, and craftsmanship were key economic activities. The kingdom was involved in trade networks that extended to the Red Sea and beyond.
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