Khedive
The term Khedive refers to the title given to the rulers of Egypt under the Ottoman Empire from 1867 to 1914. This title was a unique form of governance, combining elements of both Ottoman suzerainty and semi-autonomous rule. Here is a detailed exploration:
Origin and Meaning
The word "Khedive" is derived from the Persian "khidiv," meaning "prince" or "governor." It was officially recognized by the Ottoman Sultan Abdulaziz in 1867, granting the Egyptian ruler a degree of independence while still acknowledging the Ottoman Empire's sovereignty.
History
- Establishment: The title was first conferred upon Ismail Pasha, who was previously the Wālī (governor) of Egypt. This change in title reflected Egypt's growing autonomy and the modernization efforts under Ismail's rule.
- Reforms and Modernization: Ismail Pasha initiated numerous reforms, including the construction of the Suez Canal, which was completed in 1869, and other infrastructure projects aimed at modernizing Egypt. These efforts, however, led to significant debt and economic strain.
- Deposition of Ismail: Due to financial mismanagement, Ismail was deposed by the Ottoman Sultan in 1879, and his son Tewfik Pasha succeeded him as Khedive.
- Nationalist Movement: The rule of Tewfik Pasha saw the rise of Egyptian nationalism, culminating in the Urabi Revolt of 1882, which led to British intervention in Egypt.
- British Influence: After the British occupation, the Khedives ruled under British control, with Lord Cromer serving as the British agent and consul-general, effectively making Egypt a veiled protectorate.
- End of the Khedivate: The title of Khedive was abolished in 1914 when Egypt was declared a British protectorate, and the ruler's title was changed to Sultan. The last Khedive, Abbas Hilmi II, was deposed, and his uncle Hussein Kamel became the first Sultan of Egypt.
Significance
The period of the Khedivate is notable for:
- The modernization of Egypt, particularly under Ismail Pasha, which included the expansion of infrastructure, education, and administrative reforms.
- The transition from direct Ottoman control to a more autonomous status, although still under Ottoman suzerainty.
- The complex relationship with European powers, especially Britain, which would later lead to the occupation and protectorate status of Egypt.
Sources
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