John Milton (December 9, 1608 – November 8, 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost, considered one of the greatest works of literature in the English language.
Born in London, Milton was the son of John Milton Sr., a scrivener, and Sarah Jeffrey. His father's prosperous business allowed Milton to receive an excellent education. He attended St. Paul's School and later Christ's College at the University of Cambridge, where he graduated with a B.A. in 1629 and an M.A. in 1632. During his time at Cambridge, Milton was known for his literary talents and his controversial views, which led to him being nicknamed "The Lady of Christ's" for his refined behavior.
Milton's early works included poems like "On the Morning of Christ's Nativity" and "L'Allegro" and "Il Penseroso," showcasing his mastery of verse. His career took a turn when he decided to engage more directly in political and religious issues:
During the English Civil War, Milton wrote numerous tracts supporting the Puritan and Parliamentarian cause, including The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce. After the execution of Charles I, he served under Cromwell as Secretary for Foreign Tongues, translating and drafting diplomatic correspondence.
Milton became totally blind by the age of 43, due to glaucoma. Despite this, he continued to write with the help of amanuenses. His blindness influenced his work, particularly in Paradise Lost, where he explores themes of loss, divine justice, and the human condition.
Milton's influence on literature and political thought has been profound:
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