The term Hundred Years' War refers to a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France, marked by intermittent periods of peace and several notable battles. This prolonged struggle was primarily over claims to the French throne and territories in France held by the English crown.
Key Events and Context
- Start of the War: The war began when Edward III of England, who had significant land holdings in France, claimed the French throne after the death of Charles IV of France in 1328, asserting that he was the rightful heir due to his maternal lineage.
- Phases of the War:
- The Edwardian War (1337-1360) where Edward III's campaigns in France saw some English victories, including the Battle of Crécy in 1346.
- The Caroline War (1369-1389) characterized by French resurgence under Charles V of France.
- The Lancastrian War (1415-1453) where Henry V of England achieved notable victories like the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.
- Joan of Arc: The intervention of Joan of Arc in 1429 played a pivotal role in turning the tide towards the French, leading to the lifting of the siege of Orléans and the subsequent coronation of Charles VII.
- End of the War: The conflict effectively ended with the French victory at the Battle of Castillon in 1453, although the official treaty, the Treaty of Picquigny, was signed in 1475.
Impact
The Hundred Years' War had profound effects:
- Nation-Building: It helped in the formation of national identities, with both England and France emerging with stronger national monarchies.
- Military Evolution: Changes in warfare tactics, including the use of longbows by the English and the development of gunpowder artillery.
- Social and Economic Changes: The war caused significant loss of life and economic hardship, but also led to innovations in taxation and governance.
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