Henge
A henge is a type of late Neolithic earthwork found predominantly in the British Isles. These monuments are characterized by a circular or oval bank with an external ditch, and one or more entrances. Here are some key points about henges:
- Definition and Structure: The term "henge" was coined by Thomas Kendrick in 1932, derived from the name of Stonehenge, one of the most famous henges. The defining feature of a henge is that the ditch is inside the bank, unlike other earthworks where the ditch is outside.
- Historical Context: Henges were constructed between 3000 and 2000 BCE during the Neolithic period, a time when early agricultural communities began to develop more complex societies. They served various purposes, from ritualistic to ceremonial, and might have been used for gatherings, feasts, or as territorial markers.
- Types of Henges:
- Class I Henges: These are the classic henges with the ditch inside the bank, usually with two opposing entrances.
- Class II Henges: Similar to Class I but with additional internal features like timber circles or stone settings.
- Henge Enclosures: Larger versions with multiple entrances and often containing internal structures or alignments.
- Famous Examples:
- Stonehenge in Wiltshire is perhaps the most iconic, known for its massive sarsen stones and the surrounding circular earth bank.
- Avebury, also in Wiltshire, is notable for being one of the largest henges in Britain, enclosing a village and several smaller stone circles.
- Archaeological Significance: Excavations at henges have provided insights into Neolithic culture, including evidence of feasting, trade, and the development of early religious practices. Artifacts like pottery, tools, and sometimes human remains have been found within these sites.
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