The Government of New Caledonia operates under a unique political framework shaped by its colonial history and current status as an overseas collectivity of France. Here are key points regarding its structure and function:
Historical Context
New Caledonia was annexed by France in 1853, and its political evolution has been marked by several significant events:
- 1946: New Caledonia became an Overseas Territory of France, allowing for some local representation.
- 1985-1988: Periods of civil unrest known as 'The Events', which led to the signing of the Matignon Accords in 1988.
- 1998: The Noumea Accord was signed, which set the framework for the current political status of New Caledonia, including pathways to increased autonomy and potential independence.
Current Structure
Under the Noumea Accord, New Caledonia has a unique form of governance:
- Three Provinces: The territory is divided into three provinces (North Province, South Province, and Loyalty Islands Province), each with its own provincial assembly.
- Congress of New Caledonia: The national legislative body composed of members from these provincial assemblies, responsible for issues like education, health, and taxation.
- Government: The executive power is vested in a government led by a President, elected by the Congress. The government oversees areas transferred from French control, like economic development, higher education, and labor.
- High Commissioner: Represents the French Republic in New Caledonia, overseeing areas like defense, justice, and foreign affairs.
Political Parties and Movements
Political life in New Caledonia is characterized by a dichotomy between:
Recent Developments
Since the Noumea Accord, New Caledonia has undergone several referendums regarding independence:
- 2018, 2020, and 2021: Three referendums were held, with the majority opting to remain part of France, though the process and results have been contentious, especially the 2021 referendum which had a very low voter turnout due to boycotts.
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