Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of Chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust, mantle, and core, the oceans, and the atmosphere. This interdisciplinary field involves studying the distribution, circulation, and effects of the chemical elements and compounds within these systems.
History
The roots of Geochemistry can be traced back to the 18th century when scientists like Antoine Lavoisier began to understand the chemical composition of rocks and minerals. However, the term "geochemistry" was coined by Victor Moritz Goldschmidt in the early 20th century. Goldschmidt, often considered the father of modern Geochemistry, developed the concept of the Geochemical Classification of Elements, categorizing elements based on their behavior in geological systems.
Key Areas of Study
- Cosmochemistry - The study of the chemical composition of meteorites, asteroids, and planets, providing insights into the early Solar System's conditions.
- Isotope Geochemistry - Utilizes variations in isotope ratios to trace processes like weathering, erosion, and biological activity, as well as to date geological events.
- Organic Geochemistry - Focuses on the study of organic matter in geological materials, including fossil fuels, and the transformation of organic matter into petroleum.
- Environmental Geochemistry - Examines the interactions between natural and human-made chemicals and their impact on the environment.
- Mineralogy - Investigates the chemical composition and structure of minerals, which are the building blocks of rocks.
Techniques and Tools
Geochemists employ a range of analytical techniques:
Applications
Geochemistry has practical applications in:
- Exploration for Mineral Resources like metals and hydrocarbons.
- Understanding Climate Change through paleoclimatology and carbon cycle studies.
- Environmental protection by assessing pollution and remediation strategies.
- Forensic science, particularly in tracing the origin of materials.
Notable Figures and Contributions
- Clarke Number - Developed by Frank W. Clarke, it estimates the average abundance of elements in the Earth's crust.
- Harold Urey - His work on isotopic composition of meteorites laid groundwork for Cosmochemistry.
- Alfred Wegener - While primarily known for continental drift, his ideas influenced geochemical understanding of plate tectonics.
External Links
Related Topics