The French Political History encompasses a rich tapestry of events, ideologies, and transformations that have shaped not only France but also influenced global politics. Here is a detailed overview:
Prior to the French Revolution, France was governed under the Ancien Régime, characterized by absolute monarchy, feudal privileges, and estates-based society. The monarchy, headed by the House of Bourbon, ruled with divine right, and the Estates General, last convened in 1614, represented the three estates of the realm: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.
The French Revolution marked a turning point in French political history. Triggered by financial crises, Enlightenment ideas, and widespread discontent with the monarchy, the Revolution led to the fall of the Bastille in 1789, the establishment of the National Assembly, and the eventual execution of King Louis XVI. Key events include:
Following the Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte seized power, first as First Consul and then as Emperor. His rule saw:
After Napoleon's fall, the Bourbon Restoration brought back the House of Bourbon with Louis XVIII. This period was followed by the July Monarchy under Louis-Philippe I, which ended with the French Revolution of 1848.
The Second French Republic was established in 1848 but was short-lived, giving way to the Second French Empire under Napoleon III, which ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1870.
The Third Republic emerged from the ashes of the Franco-Prussian War, characterized by:
The modern political landscape of France includes: