The Early-Renaissance was a period of cultural, artistic, political, and economic "rebirth" that took place from the late 14th to the early 17th century, starting in Florence and spreading throughout Europe. This period marked the transition from the Middle Ages to Modern Era and was characterized by:
- Humanism: A philosophical movement that emphasized the study of classical Antiquity, which led to a renewed interest in the humanities, science, and art. Humanists like Petrarch and Leonardo Bruni promoted the idea that humans had potential for greatness through education and moral improvement.
- Artistic Innovation: Art during the Early-Renaissance saw a shift from the stylized, symbolic art of the Middle Ages to a more naturalistic style. Key artists like Giotto di Bondone, who began to use perspective and depth in his frescoes, and Masaccio, who introduced the use of linear perspective, were pivotal in this transformation.
- Scientific Inquiry: There was an increased interest in understanding the natural world, leading to advancements in various sciences. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci combined art with science, exploring anatomy, optics, and hydraulics.
- Political Changes: The rise of city-states in Italy, particularly Florence, Venice, and Milan, led to a new form of governance with more secular and republican elements. This political environment was conducive to the growth of commerce, banking, and the arts.
- Economic Growth: The Renaissance period saw economic prosperity due to trade with the Ottoman Empire, the Crusades, and the Silk Road. Wealthy families like the Medici Family became patrons of the arts and sciences.
Context and Influences
- Rediscovery of Classical Texts: The fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the Ottomans led to an influx of Greek scholars into Western Europe, bringing with them ancient manuscripts that had been preserved in the Byzantine Empire.
- Printing Press: The invention of the Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440 allowed for the mass production of books, spreading knowledge and ideas more rapidly than ever before.
- Patronage: Wealthy individuals and families became patrons, funding artists, scholars, and architects, which in turn fostered a competitive environment for creative expression and intellectual pursuits.
Key Figures of the Early-Renaissance
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