Cilicia
Cilicia is a historical region located on the southeastern coast of modern-day Turkey, along the northeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. The region has a rich and complex history, with significant cultural, political, and economic developments.
Geography
Cilicia is geographically divided into two parts:
History
The history of Cilicia can be traced back to antiquity:
- Ancient Times: The area was first mentioned in records from the Hittite Empire around the 15th century BC. Later, it came under the control of various powers including the Assyrians, Persians, and Seleucids.
- Hellenistic and Roman Periods: After the conquests of Alexander the Great, Cilicia became part of the Seleucid Empire before being annexed by the Roman Empire in 64 BC. Under Roman rule, Tarsus, the capital of Cilicia, became a significant center of learning and culture, famously being the birthplace of Saint Paul.
- Byzantine and Islamic Rule: Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Cilicia was part of the Byzantine Empire. It faced numerous invasions and changes in control, including by the Arabs and later the Seljuk Turks.
- The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia: In the 11th century, Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of their homeland established the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. This kingdom lasted until 1375 when it was overtaken by the Mamluks.
- Ottoman Era: The region was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1516, remaining so until the end of World War I.
- Modern Era: After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Cilicia was briefly occupied by France under the Treaty of Sèvres. Following the Turkish War of Independence, it was incorporated into the Republic of Turkey.
Economy and Culture
Cilicia has historically been known for its:
- Agriculture: The fertile plains were ideal for growing cotton, wheat, and other crops.
- Trade: Its location made it a vital trade route, especially during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
- Culture: It was a melting pot of cultures, including Greek, Roman, Armenian, and later, Turkish influences.
Archaeology and Heritage
Notable archaeological sites in Cilicia include:
- Tarsus, with remnants of Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine structures.
- Anazarbus, known for its impressive Roman ruins.
- Korykos, famous for its castle and cave churches.
External Links
See Also