Chichen Itza
Located in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, Chichen Itza is one of the most significant archaeological sites of the Maya civilization. This site was a major focal point in the northern Maya lowlands from the Late Classic (c. AD 600-900) through the Terminal Classic (c. AD 800-1000) and into the early part of the Postclassic Period (c. AD 1000-1200).
History
- Foundation and Early Development: The exact founding date of Chichen Itza is not known, but it is believed to have been established around the 5th or 6th century AD. The city's name translates as "At the mouth of the well of the Itza" in reference to the Sacred Cenote, a natural well used for sacrifices and water collection.
- Puuc Influence: During its early history, Chichen Itza showed influences from the Puuc style architecture, which is characterized by intricate facades and ornamentation.
- Toltec Influence: Around the 10th century, there was a significant cultural shift with the arrival of Toltec peoples from central Mexico. This period is marked by the construction of structures like El Castillo (also known as the Temple of Kukulcán), which shows a blend of Maya and Toltec architectural styles.
- Decline and Abandonment: By the 13th century, Chichen Itza began to decline, possibly due to internal strife or changes in trade routes. The city was eventually abandoned, and its inhabitants moved to other sites like Mayapan.
Key Structures
- El Castillo: Perhaps the most iconic structure at Chichen Itza, El Castillo is a step pyramid that has 365 steps (one for each day of the year). It was built to honor Kukulcan, the feathered serpent deity, known as Quetzalcoatl in Central Mexico.
- The Great Ball Court: Chichen Itza has the largest known ball court in ancient Mesoamerica, measuring 545 feet by 225 feet. The game played here, pok-ta-pok, had religious and political significance.
- El Caracol: Known as the Observatory, this structure is thought to have been used for astronomical observations. Its circular tower and the presence of viewing windows suggest it was used to track the movements of celestial bodies.
- Temple of the Warriors: This complex includes a large stepped pyramid surrounded by hundreds of columns, each depicting warriors.
Significance
- Cultural Hub: Chichen Itza was not only a political and religious center but also a hub for cultural exchange between the Maya and other Mesoamerican cultures.
- Architectural Innovation: The site features some of the most impressive and innovative architectural works of the Maya civilization, showcasing a blend of various styles and techniques.
- Modern Recognition: In 2007, Chichen Itza was named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. It was also designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988.
Sources
Related Topics