The Battle of Shanghai, also known as the "Three Alls" campaign due to the Japanese strategy of "kill all, burn all, loot all," was a pivotal conflict during the Second Sino-Japanese War. This battle took place from August 13, 1937, to November 26, 1937, marking one of the largest and bloodiest urban battles in history up to that point.
Background
- The conflict arose from the escalating tensions between China and Japan following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937, which many consider the beginning of full-scale war.
- Shanghai, being a major economic and political center, was a strategic target for both the Chinese Nationalist forces under Chiang Kai-shek and the Japanese Imperial Army.
The Battle
- Initial Skirmishes: The battle began with skirmishes on August 13, 1937, when Chinese troops attacked Japanese marines in Shanghai, leading to an escalation of hostilities.
- Japanese Advance: Japan responded by deploying additional troops, including the 3rd Division, to reinforce their positions. The Japanese forces, better equipped and trained, pushed forward, employing heavy artillery and air support.
- Urban Warfare: The battle turned into intense urban warfare, with Chinese forces fighting street by street. The Chinese used guerrilla tactics, but the Japanese utilized their superior military technology, including tanks and aircraft.
- International Concessions: Shanghai had significant foreign concessions, leading to concerns and involvement of foreign powers, particularly the United States, Britain, and France, who maintained neutrality but protected their interests.
- Casualties: The battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides. Estimates suggest that around 187,000 Chinese and 40,000 Japanese soldiers were killed or wounded.
Outcome
- The Chinese forces, despite their determination, were eventually forced to retreat from Shanghai on November 26, 1937, after nearly four months of fighting.
- The retreat was strategic to avoid being surrounded and to preserve the Nationalist army for future engagements. The Japanese captured the city but at a high cost.
Aftermath
- Shanghai's fall was a psychological blow to China but also highlighted Japanese military vulnerabilities, particularly in terms of urban combat and public relations due to the extensive damage and civilian casualties.
- The battle galvanized Chinese resistance, leading to increased guerrilla warfare and a more unified front against the Japanese.
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