The Baltic Sea is a marginal sea located in Northern Europe, surrounded by numerous countries including Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, and Denmark. It is known for being one of the largest brackish inland seas by area, and its unique ecosystem, which is influenced by both marine and freshwater conditions.
Geography
- Area: Approximately 377,000 km²
- Depth: The average depth is about 55 meters, with the deepest point being the Landsort Deep at 459 meters.
- Salinity: Lower than typical oceans due to the limited exchange of water with the Atlantic Ocean through the narrow and shallow Danish Straits.
History
The Baltic Sea has been a vital trade route since ancient times:
Ecology
The Baltic Sea's brackish water environment supports a unique mix of species:
- It is home to species like the Baltic Herring, Cod, and Salmon, as well as various types of seals, such as the Ringed Seal and Grey Seal.
- Eutrophication is a significant environmental issue due to agricultural runoff and industrial pollution, leading to algal blooms and oxygen depletion.
Climate
The climate around the Baltic Sea is temperate with relatively mild winters and cool summers. It is influenced by the North Atlantic Current, which brings warmer water to the region, moderating the climate.
Economic Importance
The Baltic Sea plays a crucial role in the economy of the surrounding countries:
- Fishing: Despite environmental challenges, fishing remains a vital industry.
- Shipping: It is an important shipping route for goods like oil, iron ore, and coal.
- Tourism: The region attracts tourists for its scenic beauty, historical sites, and recreational activities like sailing and spa tourism.
Environmental Concerns
Environmental protection has become increasingly important:
- The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) was established to protect the marine environment of the Baltic Sea from pollution.
- Efforts are ongoing to reduce pollution, manage invasive species, and restore natural habitats.
References
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