Baal-Hammon was a principal Carthaginian and Phoenician deity, often associated with fertility, weather, and the underworld. Here are some detailed points about Baal-Hammon:
- Name and Titles: The name "Baal-Hammon" combines two elements: "Baal," a title meaning "lord" or "master," which was commonly used for various deities in the Levant, and "Hammon," possibly from the Semitic root for "heat" or "sun," or from a place name like Mount Hammon or Amman.
- Worship and Cult: Baal-Hammon's worship was widespread in the Punic world, particularly in Carthage. His cult was characterized by:
- The use of Tophet sites where sacrifices, possibly including child sacrifices, were made. These practices have been a subject of much debate among historians.
- Offerings of food, wine, and incense, along with the burning of votive stelae inscribed with dedications to the god.
- He was often depicted with a ram's head or in a seated position, sometimes with a horned crown or holding a scepter, symbolizing his authority.
- Iconography: Representations of Baal-Hammon often show him with features that suggest his connection to the sun or fire, like solar discs or flames. He was also sometimes shown with a bull, linking him to fertility and strength.
- Historical Context:
- His worship might have originated in the city of Byblos or Tyre in Phoenicia, before spreading to Carthage with the Phoenician colonization of North Africa.
- During the Punic Wars, the worship of Baal-Hammon became intertwined with the political and military fate of Carthage, with sacrifices being made for success in war.
- Relationship with Other Deities: Baal-Hammon was often paired with Tanit, the chief goddess of Carthage, forming a divine couple. Their relationship might reflect a fusion of local and Phoenician religious practices.
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