The Anglo-Saxons
The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group formed by the amalgamation of various Germanic tribes who migrated to Britain in the 5th century following the decline of the Roman Empire. Their influence shaped much of what would become modern-day England.
Origins and Migration
The term "Anglo-Saxon" primarily refers to:
- Angles - From the Angeln region in modern-day Germany.
- Saxons - From Lower Saxony in Germany.
- Jutes - From what is now Jutland in Denmark and southern Schleswig in Germany.
These groups were part of a larger migration wave from continental Europe to Britain, prompted by various factors including internal strife, overpopulation, and the weakening of Roman control in Britain. The Vortigern legend suggests that some Saxons were invited by native British leaders to help defend against the Picts and Scots, but they ended up staying and settling.
Settlement and Influence
Upon arrival in Britain, the Anglo-Saxons established several kingdoms:
These kingdoms eventually unified under the leadership of Alfred the Great of Wessex, who is credited with laying the foundation for the later Kingdom of England.
Culture and Society
Anglo-Saxon culture was rich in:
- Language: They spoke Old English, which evolved into Middle English and eventually Modern English.
- Literature: Notable works include Beowulf, an epic poem, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which provides historical accounts.
- Art: Their art was characterized by intricate metalwork, jewelry, and manuscript illumination, often featuring intricate knotwork.
- Religion: Initially pagan, they were converted to Christianity through the efforts of missionaries like Augustine of Canterbury.
Historical Context
The Anglo-Saxon period is often divided into:
- Early Anglo-Saxon Period: From the migration to about the 7th century, characterized by the establishment of kingdoms.
- Middle Anglo-Saxon Period: From the 7th to the 9th century, marked by the rise of Mercia and Northumbria, Christianization, and the Viking invasions.
- Late Anglo-Saxon Period: From the 9th century to the Norman Conquest in 1066, during which time Alfred the Great and his successors consolidated power, leading to the emergence of a unified English kingdom.
Decline and Legacy
The Anglo-Saxon era effectively ended with the Norman Conquest led by William the Conqueror in 1066. However, their legacy persists:
- Many place names in England are of Anglo-Saxon origin.
- The English language has retained many Old English words.
- The legal system, particularly the concept of common law, has roots in Anglo-Saxon traditions.
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