Almohads
The Almohads were a Berber Muslim dynasty that emerged in the 12th century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia). Here is a detailed overview:
Foundation and Ideology
- Founded by Ibn Tumart in the early 12th century, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi, a messianic figure in Islamic eschatology.
- Advocated for a return to a purer form of Islam, criticizing the lax practices of the ruling Almoravids.
- Their name, Almohads, comes from the Arabic al-Muwahhidun, meaning "the Unitarians," reflecting their strict monotheistic beliefs.
Expansion
- Under the leadership of Abd al-Mu'min, the Almohads overthrew the Almoravids in 1147, establishing their empire which at its peak stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to Tripoli in the east and included significant parts of Spain.
- They captured Marrakesh in 1147, making it their capital.
- Extended their rule into Al-Andalus, where they initially faced resistance from the Christian kingdoms and the remnants of the Almoravid rule.
Administration and Culture
- The Almohads implemented a highly centralized form of governance, with the Caliph holding both religious and political power.
- They were known for their architectural achievements, including the construction of the Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakesh and the Giralda in Seville, which originally served as a minaret for the Almohad Mosque of Seville.
- Encouraged learning and scholarship, particularly in theology, philosophy, and mathematics, although they were less tolerant of the philosophical works of figures like Ibn Rushd (Averroes) as their rule progressed.
Decline and Legacy
- Internal strife and external pressures from Christian reconquista forces in Spain and the rise of the Marinids in North Africa led to their decline.
- The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 was a significant blow, leading to the loss of most of their territories in Spain.
- Their rule in North Africa ended with the fall of Marrakesh to the Marinids in 1269.
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