3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, encompasses several technologies that construct three-dimensional objects from digital models, typically layer by layer. Here's an overview of some key 3D printing technologies:
FDM, developed by S. Scott Crump in the late 1980s, is one of the most common 3D printing methods. It works by extruding melted plastic through a nozzle, which hardens immediately to form layers. This technology is widely used due to its affordability and ease of use. Learn more about FDM.
SLA, invented by Charles Hull in 1984, was the first commercial 3D printing technology. It uses a laser to cure liquid resin into solid objects. SLA printers produce high-resolution prints with excellent surface finish, making them ideal for prototypes and jewelry. Stereolithography at Formlabs.
SLS uses a high-powered laser to fuse small particles of plastic, metal, ceramic, or glass powders into a solid structure. Developed in the mid-1980s by Carl Deckard at the University of Texas, this method allows for the production of complex geometries without the need for support structures. EOS's take on SLS.
PolyJet technology, introduced by Objet Geometries in 1998, works by jetting layers of liquid photopolymer and instantly curing them with UV light. It can produce smooth, detailed, and multi-material prints. PolyJet Technology Explained.
These techniques involve melting and fusing metallic powders together using a laser. DMLS was developed by EOS in the early 1990s, and SLM has a similar process but often uses different materials or settings. They are used for producing high-precision metal parts. Direct Metal Laser Sintering.
EBM, developed by Arcam AB, uses an electron beam to melt metal powders in a vacuum. It's particularly suited for titanium and other metals with high melting points. EBM Technology by GE Additive.
3D printing began to gain momentum in the late 20th century as a method for rapid prototyping. Over time, the technology has evolved to include:
Today, 3D printing technologies are used for everything from prototyping to production, offering benefits like reduced waste, customization, and the ability to create complex structures not possible with traditional manufacturing.